Significance of Music Used in the Movie, A Clockwork Orange

The use of music as a motif in (Stanley Kubrick, A Clockwork Orange 1962)] creates a lens so that the viewer is able to recognize the trend that violence has to destroy an individualÂ’s identity. Although Alex (Malcolm McDowell) clearly associates violence with his own individual identity and sense of self, he consistently reveals the impossibility of remaining an individual in the face of group-oriented violence. The images that music create coincide the destruction of AlexÂ’s identity, either through compliance to a groupÂ’s style of violence or through failure to embrace the similarity of group actions associated with violence. As the movie progresses, musical imagery follows the exit and return of his personal identity as a role of his†¦show more content†¦AlexÂ’s music-dream in prison, after the beating of the new perverted cheloveck, also demonstrates the unifying effect group violence has on identity. Although Alex seems to beat the pervert by himself, the participation in the beating leaves him unable to escape the group identity forged through violence. Immediately following this violent incident Alex dreams that he was in some very big orchestra, hundreds and hundredsÂ… Once again, the consequence of violence is that he loses his own nature and becomes one unit of an extremely large group, under the direction of an all-powerful conductor. Not only does Alex lose his individual identity in becoming a member of the orchestra, but he completely loses his humanity by becoming an actual instrument, and object, a thing. The musicians in an orchestra might be able to salvage a tiny bit of room for individual self-identity, but an instrument is restricted to sharing its identity with all the other inanimate instruments of the orchestra. The Minister of the InteriorÂ’s statement in reference to common criminals like this unsavory crowd” confirms AlexÂ’s subsidence into group identity, in a similar manner to that of his dream . The shift in AlexÂ’s musical preference, following his cure from LudovicoÂ’s Technique, further explores the way in which violence denies individual identity as a result of groupShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Need for Brutality in A Clockwork Orange 4668 Words   |  19 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Burgess A Clockwork Orange, a critically acclaimed masterstroke on the horrors of conditioning, is unfairly attacked for apparently gratuitous violence while it merely uses brutality, as well as linguistics and a contentious dà ©nouement, as a vehicle for deeper themes. Although attacks on A Clockwork Orange are often unwarranted, it is fatuous to defend the novel as nonviolent; in lurid content, its opening chapters are trumped only by wanton killfests like Natural Born Killers. BurgessRead MoreBiography of Stanley Kubrick 1978 Words   |  8 PagesKubrick admitted to be a lonely child, and a misfit in high school. Growing up, his parents had wanted him to become a doctor he didnt have the grades needed to get into medical school. His love of film began at an early age, when he would go to movie theaters twice a week to view the double features. He would later say of this experience: One of the important things about seeing run-of-the-mill Hollywood films eight times a week was that many of them were so bad [...] Without even beginning toRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages............................................................................... 418 Stratified Samples .......................................................................................................................... 420 Statistical Significance ................................................................................................................... 422 Designing a Paired Comparison Test .......................................................................................

Abuse vs Discipline - 2041 Words

Blake Moss Abuse Versus Discipline A mother spanks her child in a public parking lot. While a nearby citizen watches in horror and begins to dial 911. Is this wrong? Does the mother have authority to do this to her own child? Who gets to decide how the mother disciplines her child? Why here? These are the questions that come across the mind of todays society. Most people would agree that the child did something â€Å"wrong,† but opinion collide on how the mother should discipline the child. Parents from generations ago would not have thought twice about this incident. In todays era, as technology has progressed so has the ideas of child abuse and discipline. What is the difference between child abuse vs. child discipline? Then Versus Now†¦show more content†¦Who gets to make these interpretations? Is it the caretaker or parents or the child or is it the state? Discipline by Definition Discipline is â€Å"the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior, using punishment to correct disobedience.† A question that comes to mine is; who gets define the amount of â€Å"punishment?† And who gets to decide the rules and code of behavior? Is it the parents or guardians, or is it the governmental agencies? If a child is doing something wrong and the parent chooses to â€Å"swat† the child then they are violating the law because they are inflicting â€Å"physical injury inflicted on the child.† Is this wrong or is it right? Christians Opinion Proverbs 23:13-15 says â€Å"Do not withhold discipline from a child; if you strike him with a rod, he will not die. If you strike him with the rod, you will save his soul from Sheol. My son, if your heart is wise, my heart too will be glad.† This is not saying to beat until the child can not stand it is saying that if a parent uses physical discipline they will not die. â€Å"Discipline your son, for there is hope; do not set your heart on putting him to death.† This quote comes from Proverbs 19:18. So what is Christians view on discipline? It is okay to use physical and mental discipline. God elaborates throughout his holy book that He not only believes in physical discipline, but recommends it. He states this multiple times in the bible and shows many examples of it. HeShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Spaking And Child Abuse866 Words   |  4 Pagescruel and can cross the line to physical abuse. Some also believe spanking allows a parent to immediately stop a dangerous action, and, as a traditional form a discipline, may be necessary to communicate a message about negative behavior to young children who may not understand verbal explanations. A lot of parents find their selves in a tough situation with really knowing how to really discipline their child. Today, a loving parent can be convicted of child abuse and land themselves in prison simplyRead MoreWhen Does Discipline Cross the Line to Child Abuse?1486 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Does Discipline Cross the Line to Child Abuse? In this report, I concentrated my research on the fine line between physical discipline and child abuse, with emphasis on spanking vs. not spanking and its effects on children. Included are research from statistics, opposing views and arguments, advocates’ and Department of Children and Families’ position. The use of corporal punishment, or spanking, as a form of parental discipline is a controversial topic. Adults who remember being spankingRead MoreLaw As An Academic Discipline And Its Different Branches1367 Words   |  6 Pages1. Explain law as an academic discipline and its different branches Through state-sanctioned mechanisms and institutions, a system of rules and regulations are created, interpreted, and enforced. The legal discipline studies this system and uses it as a primary social mediator between people. The field of law encompasses a broad range of academic disciplines including but not limited to criminal law, education law, employment and labor law, international law, civil rights, etc. 2. Explain theRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On The Parent Child Relationship1634 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavior (Murry). This essay is going to talk about how corporal punishment affect the child. The term spanking is a form of physical or corporal punishment. The general acceptance, and sometimes support, of corporal punishment as a method of discipline is an aspect of Each culture. Children are abused, in part, because they are unable to defend themselves against stronger and more powerful adults. Researchers recently have recognized that spanking is used primarily with young children and thatRead More Physical Punishment vs. Communication Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical Punishment vs. Communication Works Cited Missing Many parents say physical punishment works on improving behavior or teaching a child a lesson. These parents think this is the only way to discipline a child. So as years pass more parents tend to use this strategy to discipline their own children. According to the Health Update, â€Å"one of four 10-16 year olds or 6.2 million children is a victim of assault or abuse every year† also â€Å"one-third of the children surveyed said that they wereRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate1427 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Parents who discipline their child by discussing the consequences of their actions produce children who have better moral development, compared to children whose parents use authoritarian methods and punishment.† The nature Vs nurture debate has been around since 1690 created by the philosopher John Locke who believed we as humans do not have natural, inborn ideas; that our minds are a blank page, upon which experience shall write. Nurture is everything and natu re is simply nothing. â€Å"Nature isRead MoreThe Collective Consequences Of Childhood Abuse And Spanking1121 Words   |  5 PagesChild abuse is a complex, surreptitious social problem that has been around for as long as humanity itself. The collective consequences of childhood abuse and spanking can be detrimental and are reflected in addictive behaviors, dysfunctional family dynamics and mental health problems in general. Can the commonly used practice of corporal punishment and spanking be justified as an appropriate method to discipline children? Coming up with an ultimate definition of what child abuse/neglect constitutesRead MoreLaw Case Study724 Words   |  3 PagesBoard members recommended a reference be included if the perpetrator is a minor and/or sibling be added to both sections â€Å"Interview Unrelated to School – Possible Abuse or Other Criminal Activity that Involves a Parent/Legal Guardian or other Adult in the Student’s Home† and â€Å"Interview Unrelated to School – Not Involving Suspected Child Abuse or Criminal Activity of Parent/Guardian or Other Adults in Student’s Home† that would justify an interview by law enforcement. Dr. Bartlett will review and conferRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effect On Children1609 Words   |  7 PagesChild abuse has been around for over decades and has influenced our country to think that child abuse is okay. â€Å"Today every state has formal child abuse reporting laws†, stated Charles A Wilson and Donna M. Pence in their arti cle, â€Å"Reporting and Investigating Child Abuse† (71). With every state having a law for child abuse, this could help decrease the amount of cases that deal with child abuse. Charles A Wilson explains the laws in his article, â€Å"Reporting laws are based on the premise that certainRead MoreEssay Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Substance Abuse1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe question of nature vs. nurture has been the focus of many debates, especially within the discipline of psychological sciences. This paper will examine the views that exist regarding the importance of contributions to the risk of addiction, specifically, genetic (nature) vs. environmental (nurture) contributions through a review of the existing literature. The nature-based view is that expression of addiction (phenotype) is based upon genetic predisposition (genotype). Numerous genetic studies

Intimacy Essay Example For Students

Intimacy Essay IntimacyIntimacy is often defined as arising from a close acquaintance,association, or familiarity. This definition would definitely describe therelationship I have with my sister, Catherine. We share just about everythingthat goes on in our lives and know each other like the back of our hands. Weare so close, in fact, that rarely do we hear what another is feeling before wealready know. We can tell each others mood by the body language we are using. I plan to give a brief summary of this relationship and the intimacy involved init. There are many possible reasons why some people are attracted to eachother and form relationships. Some of these reasons are personality, physicallooks, intellectual stimulation, things in common, and differences. My sisterand I developed our relationship differently than the way you would with someonewho you just randomly meet on the street. We shared common parents, household,schedules, and heritage. Therefore, we were naturally inclined to develop somesort of relationship and intimacy. If we hadnt, our living conditions wouldhave become understandably tenuous. The development of relationships andintimacy has some very definitive steps. The first step is initiating which ismaking contact with the other person and showing that you are the kind of personworth talking to. Our relationship was initiated as soon as I was brought intothis world and facilitated by the fact that we were brother and sister. Thenext step is experimenting which is deciding whether we want to pursue arelations hip further by using small talk and the like. Since I was unable totalk at the time, my sister and I dismissed this step. Next comes the step ofintensifying when the expression of feelings become more common. This camequite naturally to the two of us. People were always asking my sister to showhow much she loved me which often led to hugs, kisses, hand holding, and othercommon expressions of love people often demonstrate in a sibling relationship. The next step is integrating which is when we give up characteristics of our oldselves and become different people. This has not happened to me because thisrelationship has always been with me. My sister was not always a sister anddefinitely changed when I became her brother. Bonding is the next step which iswhen the parties make symbolic public gestures to show the world that arelationship exists. My sister and I have always been very public about ourrelationship. Next is the differentiating stage where the parties separatesomewhat. We are always going through this at this point in our relationship. One day we can be the best of friends and the next day we can be mortal enemies. Circumscribing comes next and is when the level of communication decreases inquantity and quality. Again, this seems to come and go in our relationship. The stagnating stage is when the relationship becomes overly familiar and losesthe feeling. We have not hit this. We can always find a new way to keep therelationship exciting. Avoiding is the stage in which the parties createdistance between one another. We have not reached this stage either. We arestill as close as we have ever been, if not closer. The final stage isterminating which is when the relationship is declared over. This has not beenreached in my relationship. These stages do not have to be in this ordernecessarily and some can be skipped altogether. My sister and I developed ourrelationship out of necessity. Brothers and sisters often do this because theyshare so much in common. Our relationship is sometimes good and sometimes bad,but it is always solid. It could stand to be a little more positive on bothsides at some points. We share an intellectual and emotional intimacy that mostsiblings do. The commonality between the two of us facilitates this. Relationaldevelopment and maintenance have some very distinct characteristics. First, notall relationships move through all ten steps. This has definitely been the casein my relationship. My sister and I did not have to go through the initiatingstage that most people do, nor have we avoided each other. Intimacy is not theonly goal of relationships. Even though my relationship involved some intimacythis is not always the reason we are there. Sometimes it is just to reach acommon goal. Movement occurs within stages. Our relationship has definitelyprogressed through stages even though sometimes they become blurred. My sisterand I experienced the integrating and intensifying stage at one point and Isuspect they occurred around the same time although two definitive steps. .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e , .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e .postImageUrl , .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e , .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e:hover , .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e:visited , .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e:active { border:0!important; } .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e:active , .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9f617b408b61efb1ced768f9e881801e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Monet EssayMovement between steps is generally sequential. My relationship has definitelyhad a pattern of development to it. Relationships are constantly changing. Even though we have a solid relationship, my sister and I definitely have ourups and downs. Movement is always to a new place. We are always trying out newways of behaving towards each other and this makes movement mandatory. Sometimes we even go back a step or two before we return to the point we werebefore. The relationship my sister and I share involves a high level of self-disclosure. We are always intentionally revealing information to one anotherthat is important and would not always be known. Our breadth is wide as we candiscuss anything from sex to politics. The depth is great because we do notpull any punches. When we are discussing something we are as personal as youcan get. Neither of us hides much and when one does it is easily caught by theother. Our conversations often include facts, opinions, and feelings. Lyingdoes not come across good and it is rarely attempted by either of us. There aremany reasons for this self-disclosure but it is mainly just to get it off ofour chest or catharsis. A brother-sister relationship is definitely a uniqueone as evidenced here. Although it can reach some of the later and nastierstages, I dont see this as being the case in our relationship.

The Effect Of Media On The Publics Opinion Essays -

The Effect Of Media On The Publics Opinion The Effects of Media on the Public's Opinion Mass media - have you ever taken the time to consider two articles about the same thing? Some may be more bias against a group or idea, while others keep a strict, non bias view. The way the media portrays events may change or even corrupt people's thoughts on certain public matters. This paper will dissect four articles on the Woodstock riots and show the relationships and differences between them. On a Sunday night, near the closing song of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, there were a few bonfires were reported. The firefighters, feeling they were under control, let these bonfires burn. Then Limp Bizkit came on, another hard-core band. In their song Breakstuff, the audience climbed a television camera tower and began ripping equipment and other electrical devices off of them. After Limp Bizkit, Rage Against the Machine, another hard-core band, played hard-core music that could have easily incited violence. When the smoke cleared away Monday afternoon, not only were thirty-seven people arrested, out of a countless number; there was also hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of damaged equipment. In the articles, They Must Have Run Out of Drugs and Woodstock Riot, there are direct and indirect quotes used to inform people of what happened at the concert. These quotes also try and persuade the public's opinion as to whether or not the riots were the faults of the accused. In the article, Woodstock Riot, the author used a direct quote spoken by Spencer Parker. Parker stated, When it first started there was something to it, it has a little bit of meaning when you pay $4 dollars for a pretzel. (PG 2 para. 3) his statement helped direct the blame at high prices. In the article They Must Have Run Out of Drugs, the author used a quote by Chris Melnyczenko to help place blame on the disgruntled youth. Melnyczenko said, They're destroying everything. (Pg. 1 para. 7) Another similar quote by an unknown person, Oh man they must of run out of drugs, (page 1 & 2) struck the author so much that he made it the title. Facts may be different or changed up to help exaggerate the authors' or companies' view points in the articles, Is Rock 'n' Rage Replacing Rock 'n' Roll? and Woodstock Gets Ugly. In the article, Is Rock 'n' Rage Replacing Rock 'n' Roll? the author spends the majority of his writing comparing the past two Woodstocks to the current one, barely touching on the subject of the riot. The article only stated what happened and the fact that the blame should be placed on the band, Limp Bizkit. The band was said to have urged the audience to break stuff. In the other article, Woodstock Gets Ugly, it is said that placing one hard-core band after another could be a mistake and may be the cause of the riots, or other happening, to be placed on the organizers of the event, the bands or the audience. This shows how the companies' or authors' views can be bias against certain groups or ideas by placing the blame on a single band, but a non bias paper places the blame all around. The motivation in these articles may be teen bashing or to show the mistake of everyone as a whole. In the articles They Must Have Run Out of Drugs and Woodstock Gets Ugly, the motivation varies slightly but the topic is the same. The only difference is the people they place the blame on. In the article They Must Have Run Out of Drugs, the author's motivation is based on teen bashing and discrimination. The author blamed all the problems at Woodstock on the teens who were there. In the article Woodstock Gets Ugly, the author put the blame on a series of people instead of a single group. This still places blame on the 400 to 500 teens that participated in the riots. The article also places blame on the vendors and the fact that certain bands were placed back to back. The author also places blame on the bands as a whole. These facts make Woodstock Gets Ugly

The Fire Next Time Essays - Biblical People In Islam, Elijah

The Fire Next Time Breading Hate Opher Yunger Enc 1102 ?turning to that man on his right, he began to speak of the white devils?What had they made him (me) feelElijah went on about the crimes of white people, to this endless chorus of 'Yes, that's right.' The so-called American Negro is the only reason Allah has permitted the United States to endure so long; the white man's time was up in 1913, but it is the will of Allah that this lost black nation?be redeemed from their white masters and returned to the true faith, which is Islam. (Baldwin 65-6) This is a quote from James Baldwins' The Fire Next Time written in 1962, twenty years after Hitlers Third Reich reigned over much of modern day Europe. In the late 1930's Many of Hitlers speeches sounded very close to this one, and most of Europe blindly followed after him. The world may never be the same since the Holocaust, but it is things like this that make me wonder. Did the world really learn from the past? Baldwin's The Fire Next Time discusses progress. Did the human race really make progress after World War Two? In the pre World War Two era, Germany was one of the most advanced nations in the modern world, yet they also led Europe in the horrible murder of twelve million men, women and children. How could a man like Elijah Mohammed, who was considered a very spiritual man, take aim at the white people and call them devils saying that the black man needs to reclaim the world. Did he not see how twenty years before hand the reckless words of hatred from a single man condemned twelve million men, women and children to death? ?I began to see that Elijah's power came from his single-mindedness? (Baldwin 66). Elijah Mohammed thought, in the 1960's, exactly like Hitler. He thought that the black race was better than any other race in the world. This is an understandable thought, his nation was being oppressed and put down because of the color of their skin. Who is to say that if anyone else was in that situation, he or she would not also want to destroy the people who were oppressing them. But Elijah Mohammed was hiding behind g-d saying that this is what the Koran says. It happens way too many times, that g-d is brought into the picture. Does g-d really want people of a certain race to rule the world? Today in the twentieth century people are still murdering innocent people and standing behind g-d. Almost weekly we hear about a terrorist attack in the middle east, many of which are funded by religious extremists. It is easy for a leader to use g-d when they are speaking to many people who feel they are oppressed and have no where else to turn. A person who feels he has nothing to lose will do almost anything he is told. If the African American people had followed Elijah Mohammed who knows what could have happened. The American people could have repeated a Holocaust right in their own country. Many people say a Holocaust could never happen again. It's things like this that can make people think twice. Bibliography Baldwin, James. The Fire Next Time. New York: Vintage, 1993.

Inflation & Unemployment essays

Inflation & Unemployment essays Assess the Relative Costs of Unemployment Inflation is a persistent increase in the level of prices in an economy; the Retail Price Index (RPI) usually measures it, which is a measure of changes in the prices of consumer goods bought in the UK. Inflation can be caused by: too much demand in the economy. This is called demand-pull inflation, e.g. the UK in the 1980s. If demand increases and firms cannot produce enough output, they will increase their prices. higher costs forcing firms to increase their prices. This is called cost-push inflation, e.g. as happened in Western Europe in the 1970s when oil prices increased. excessive growth of the money supply. RPIX is sometimes known as the underlying or target rate of inflation. It is the RPI minus mortgage interest payments. The RPIY is the RPI minus not only mortgage interest payments but also local authority taxes and indirect taxes. The advantage of this measure is that it shows the underlying inflation rate undistorted by changes in interest rate and taxation. A low and steady rate of inflation provides a number of benefits for a country, in particular that of enabling businesses to forward plan with confidence. However a country with a rapidly rising inflation rate in excess of that its main trading partners will be likely to experience a number of problems, such as: redistribution of income some groups whose earnings are not linked to inflation will find their real earnings fall (e.g. employers with weak bargaining power, such as shop assistants). menu costs e.g. the costs of changing the prices in publicity material, displays, and slot machines. shoe leather costs with inflation, households and firms will have to search for good returns from their savings to protect their real earnings. This involves costs called shoe leather costs. planning difficultie...

Financial Intermediaries Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Intermediaries - Assignment Example A drawback of the approach is that it is hard to observe bank conduct and that the approach excludes foreign banks in the determination of competition (Bell, Brooks and Prokopczuk, 2013 p.197). The Panzar-Rosse H-Statistic relates a firm’s conduct with models of different market structures such as monopoly, monopolistic competition, imperfect competition or perfect competition (Schaeck, Cihak and Wolfe, 2009 p.715). It demonstrates how the elasticity of a firm’s revenue differs under the different market structures. Although the model is quite straightforward under monopoly and perfect competition, imperfect competition, and monopolistic competition pose some complexities for this approach. The H-Statistic also assumes equilibrium for the banking market in the long-run. The Lerner Index uses the relationship between a firm’s price and marginal cost as a basis for the measurement of the firm’s market power. The index is a reciprocal of the price elasticity of demand and indicates the proportion price exceeds marginal cost. A disadvantage of the Lerner index is that it fails to demonstrate the substitutability of a product (Bell et al., 2013 206). The Boone Indicator assesses, in terms of strength, the relationship between efficiency and performance. Accordingly, superior performance is achievable for more efficient banks. Under competitive market conditions, banks show more aggression in order to achieve the superior performance as compared to competitors (Bell et al., 2013 p.206). The Boone Indicator does not share the disadvantages of the H-Statistic and the Lerner Index. It demonstrates the aggression more efficient banks employ in the exploitation of their cost advantage. As a measure of competition, Persistence of Profits proposes that entry and exit provide a sufficient avenue for the elimination of abnormal profits. Accordingly, profit rates for all firms would converge towards some average value in the